E1
Primary Sources
Old Norse
Snorri Sturluson. Gylfaginning (The Prose Edda).
Translated by Rasmus B. Anderson. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Company, 1880. Project Gutenberg.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18947/18947-h/18947-h.htm
Roman
Augustus. Res Gestae Divi Augusti 26.4. Translated by P. A. Brunt & J. M. Moore. Oxford, 1969.
https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Anglica/resgest_engl.htm
Pomponius Mela. De Chorographia III.54. Edited by G. Parthey. Berlin: Nicolai, 1867. Via Internet Archive.
https://archive.org/details/dechorographiali00mela
Pliny the Elder. Naturalis Historia IV.96. Latin text via LacusCurtius.
https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/4*.html
Suetonius. The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, "Life of Augustus" 23.1–2. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library, 1914.
https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html
Anglo-Saxon
Beowulf.
Translated by John Earle.
The Deeds of Beowulf. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1892. Via Internet Archive.
https://archive.org/details/deedsofbeowulfen00earluoft
Secondary
Sources
The Eddas
The Uppsala Edda (DG 11 4to). Translation and discussion.
Edited with introduction and notes by Heimir Pálsson.
Translated by Anthony Faulkes. Viking Society for Northern Research, 2012.
http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Uppsala%20Edda.pdf
Hollander, Lee M. Recent Work and Views on the Poetic Edda. Scandinavian Studies 35, no. 2 (1963): 101–109.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/40916455
Ulvestad, Bjarne. How Old Are the Mythological Eddic Poems? Scandinavian Studies 26, no. 2 (1954): 49–69.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/40915359
The Nordic
Bronze Age
National Museum of Denmark. The Sun Chariot.
https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-bronze-age/the-sun-chariot/
Tollund Man &
Bog Bodies
van Beek et al. Bogs, Bones and Bodies: The Deposition of Human Remains in Northern European Mires, 9000 BC–AD 1900. Antiquity (2023).
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/bogs-bones-and-bodies-the-deposition-of-human-remains-in-northern-european-mires-9000-bcad-1900/B90A16A211894CB87906A7BCFC0B2FC7
Diet and Radiocarbon Dating of Tollund Man: New Analyses of an Iron Age Bog Body from Denmark.
https://www.academia.edu/38123816/Diet_and_Radiocarbon_Dating_of_Tollund_Man_New_Analyses_of_an_Iron_Age_Bog_Body_from_Denmark
Museum Silkeborg. Tollund Man.
https://www.museumsilkeborg.dk/welcome-to-the-story-about-tollund-man
Bog Bodies: The Grauballe Man.
https://www.academia.edu/89481977/Bog_bodies_the_Grauballe_Man
Yde Girl.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0959683619838048
Strontium Isotope Investigations of the Haraldskær Woman.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292816969_Strontium_Isotope_Investigations_of_the_Haraldskaer_Woman_-_A_Complex_Record_of_Various_Tissues
Eisenbeiss. Preserved in Peat. Penn Museum. (Science of bog preservation)
https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/preserved-in-peat/
British Museum. (Science of bog preservation)
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1984-1002-2
Rome &
Germania
Deyber, Alain & Luginbühl. Cimbri and Teutones against Rome. (2018).
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alain-Deyber/publication/330190308_Cimbri_and_Teutones_against_Rome_Materialities_of_Collective_Violence_from_Prehistory_to_Late_Antiquity/links/630dec71acd814437feb32a8/Cimbri-and-Teutones-against-Rome-Materialities-of-Collective-Violence-from-Prehistory-to-Late-Antiquity.pdf
Syvänne. The Disaster at Teutoburg Forest. (2009).
https://www.academia.edu/30592845/The_Disaster_at_Teutoburg_Forest_in_September_9_AD
Roman Contact
with Southern Scandinavia
Thomas Grane. Pliny and the Wandering Mountain. Analecta Romana Instituti Danici XXXVII (2012).
https://www.academia.edu/2915698/Pliny_and_the_Wandering_Mountain
Blankenfeldt, Ruth & Klingenberg, Susanne. The Hoby Project. (2011).
https://www.academia.edu/45301188/R_Blankenfeldt_u_S_Klingenberg_The_Hoby_project
Frei, Karin M. & Klingenberg, Susanne. Re-visiting the Roman Iron Age Hoby Chieftain's Burial 100 Years after Its Discovery – Adding the Strontium Isotopic Perspective. (2021).
https://tidsskrift.dk/dja/article/view/122601
National Museum of Denmark. The Silver Cups from Hoby.
https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-early-iron-age/the-chieftains-grave-from-hoby/the-silver-cups-from-hoby/
Hedegård Pugio
Thomas Grane. Southern Scandinavian Foederati and Auxiliarii? In Beyond the Roman Frontier: Roman Influences on the Northern Barbaricum. (2007).
https://www.academia.edu/1965243/Southern_Scandinavian_Foederati_and_Auxiliarii
Vimose
Pauli Jensen, Xenia. From Fertility Rituals to Weapon Sacrifices: The Case of the South Scandinavian Bog Finds. (2009).
https://www.academia.edu/1479119/From_fertility_rituals_to_weapon_sacrifices_The_case_of_the_south_Scandinavian_bog_finds
Pauli Jensen, Xenia. Roman Military Equipment from the Weapon Deposit of Vimose, Funen. (2017).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355203944_Roman_equipment_from_Vimose
National Museum of Denmark. The Offerings in Vimose.
https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-early-iron-age/the-weapon-deposit-from-vimose/the-offerings-in-vimose/
Roman Games Influence
Hall, Mark A. Whose Game is it Anyway? Board and Dice Games as an Example of Cultural Transfer and Hybridity. (2019).
https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02927544/
Runes
(including the "Harja" comb)
Looijenga, Tineke. Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions. Brill, 2003.
https://www.academia.edu/5030830/Texts_and_Contexts_of_the_Oldest_Runic_Inscriptions
Alböke Man
Historiska Museet. Den gåtfulle från Alböke.
https://historiska.se/utforska-historien/kunskapsbank/den-gatfulle-fran-alboke/
Gudme
Sørensen, P. Ø. The Gudme Halls: Royal Building from the Iron Age. Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark (1995).
https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/2025/954290.pdf
Jørgensen, Lars. Gudme and Tissø: Two Magnates' Complexes in Denmark from the 3rd to the 11th Century AD. (2010).
https://www.academia.edu/9127233/
Heorot Discussion (Beowulf)
Gutsmiedl-Schümann, Doris. Heorot and Meduseld: Scandinavian Halls in Beowulf and The Lord of the Rings.
https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/api/object/o:1311816/get
(glöm ej källan av Ulla)
Vindelev Hoard Bracteate x13, IK738
Imer, Lisbeth M., & Vasshus, Krister S. K. Lost in Transition: The Runic Bracteates from the Vindelev Hoard. (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00074.ime
Axboe, Morten. The World's Largest Gold Bracteate: A Brief Presentation of the Migration Period Gold Hoard from Vindelev, Denmark. (2022).
https://www.academia.edu/91906762/The_Worlds_largest_Gold_Bracteate_A_brief_presentation_of_the_Migration_Period_gold_hoard_from_Vindelev_Denmark
Ravn, Mads, & Kent Otte Laursen. The Vindelev Hoard: A Dynastic Offering from the Migration Period. (2024).
https://www.academia.edu/165526902/The_Vindelev_hoard_A_dynastic_offering_from_the_Migration_period
Ringforts
Olausson, Michael. At Peace with Walls: Fortifications and Their Significance AD 400–1100. (2009).
https://www.academia.edu/20332712/At_peace_with_walls_Fortifications_and_their_significance_AD_400_1100
Fallgren, Jan-Henrik. The Ölandic Ring-Forts and the Iron Age and Medieval Agricultural Landscapes. (2009).
https://www.academia.edu/6484283/The_%C3%96landic_ring_forts_and_the_Iron_Age_and_Medieval_agricultural_landscapes
Secondary
Sources
The Eddas
The Uppsala Edda (DG 11 4to). Translation and discussion.
Edited with introduction and notes by Heimir Pálsson.
Translated by Anthony Faulkes. Viking Society for Northern Research, 2012.
http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Uppsala%20Edda.pdf
Hollander, Lee M. Recent Work and Views on the Poetic Edda. Scandinavian Studies 35, no. 2 (1963): 101–109.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/40916455
Ulvestad, Bjarne. How Old Are the Mythological Eddic Poems? Scandinavian Studies 26, no. 2 (1954): 49–69.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/40915359
The Nordic
Bronze Age
National Museum of Denmark. The Sun Chariot.
https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-bronze-age/the-sun-chariot/
Tollund Man &
Bog Bodies
van Beek et al. Bogs, Bones and Bodies: The Deposition of Human Remains in Northern European Mires, 9000 BC–AD 1900. Antiquity (2023).
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/bogs-bones-and-bodies-the-deposition-of-human-remains-in-northern-european-mires-9000-bcad-1900/B90A16A211894CB87906A7BCFC0B2FC7
Diet and Radiocarbon Dating of Tollund Man: New Analyses of an Iron Age Bog Body from Denmark.
https://www.academia.edu/38123816/Diet_and_Radiocarbon_Dating_of_Tollund_Man_New_Analyses_of_an_Iron_Age_Bog_Body_from_Denmark
Museum Silkeborg. Tollund Man.
https://www.museumsilkeborg.dk/welcome-to-the-story-about-tollund-man
Bog Bodies: The Grauballe Man.
https://www.academia.edu/89481977/Bog_bodies_the_Grauballe_Man
Yde Girl.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0959683619838048
Strontium Isotope Investigations of the Haraldskær Woman.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292816969_Strontium_Isotope_Investigations_of_the_Haraldskaer_Woman_-_A_Complex_Record_of_Various_Tissues
Eisenbeiss. Preserved in Peat. Penn Museum. (Science of bog preservation)
https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/preserved-in-peat/
British Museum. (Science of bog preservation)
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1984-1002-2